痤疮的成因

了解痤疮的成因有助于治疗不同类型的痤疮。青春期和成年早期活跃的雄激素会导致痤疮问题。激素敏感性、皮肤表面微生物以及皮脂腺中的脂肪酸都可能引发痤疮。一些因素会加重或诱发痤疮，例如：

压力也会引发痤疮爆发，因为压力会提高皮质醇激素的水平。

激素失衡，尤其与月经周期有关。

在经常接触油脂的环境中工作，例如在有油腻食物表面和煎炸油的餐厅工作，或者使用含油脂的个人护理产品，例如浓稠的乳霜、乳液或头发用的蜡和发油。

• 某些药物。
• 空气污染和特定的气候条件，如高湿度。
• 抠挤痤疮病变部位。
• 油脂（皮脂）分泌过多。
• 卫生状况差。
• 包括服装和头饰，例如帽子和运动头盔。
• 遗传学。
• 不健康的饮食习惯。
• 暴露于阳光下。

痤疮的类型

在考虑如何治疗不同类型的痤疮之前，您必须了解其成因和类型。以下是一些常见的痤疮类型：

• 白头粉刺（闭合性粉刺）

白头粉刺在医学术语中被称为闭合性粉刺。它们是细小的、肉色的肿块或斑块。在肤色较浅的人身上，它们通常表现为白色圆形核心周围环绕着一圈深红色晕圈。在肤色较深的人身上，周围区域可能呈深色或紫色。通常情况下，白头粉刺不会留下疤痕。当白头粉刺较大或特别凸起时，周围的皮肤可能会显得紧绷或起皱。

• 黑头（开放性粉刺）

A combination of sebum and dead skin cells can obstruct pores, resulting in blackheads. The top of the pore is still open even though the remainder of it is closed. As a result, the surface acquires its distinctive black color.

• Papules

When a pore or hair follicle becomes clogged with germs, a papule develops. In response to the bacteria, your immune system makes white blood cells that fight infections. Clusters of red, swollen pimples are the result of this inflammatory reaction. Moreover, inflammatory papules are exacerbated by oil and dead skin cells.

Pustules (pimples)

A pustule is a bigger, sensitive lump that has a distinct circular core packed with pale or yellow pus. On lighter skin, a pustule’s surrounding area appears red or pink; on darker skin, it appears deep brown or black. Typically, immunological cells and bacterial cells gathered in the occluded orifice make up the pus in the pustule. Typically, pustules resemble much larger, redder versions of whiteheads.

• Nodules

A severe kind of acne known as nodular acne is characterized by big, painful lumps under the skin’s surface. This type of acne, which also contains bacteria, appears when the pore walls collapse. As a result, germs and oil penetrate the skin more deeply, harming additional pores. Nodules hurt and may leave lifelong scars.

• Cysts

Cysts can form when germs, sebum, and dead skin cells combine to clog pores. The clogs take place deeper within the skin than nodules, deeper below the surface. These are big red or white in appearance and are painful to touch. The largest type of acne, cysts, are formed when there is a serious infection. This type of acne is also the most likely to produce scars. Your dermatologist might surgically remove a cyst in serious circumstances.

• Fungal Acne (pityrosporum folliculitis)

This kind forms in the hair follicles when there is an excess of yeast. They could become swollen and itching.

How to Prevent Acne?

it’s possible to stop asking how to treat different types of acne if prevention is possible. People frequently neglect to adhere to fundamental skincare guidelines. You should constantly stick to a simple skincare regimen to keep your skin clean and breathable. Here are some suggestions for taking care of skin that has acne or is prone to getting it.

• To keep your skin clean and free of pollution, wash your face at least twice every day. Avoid overwashing. Your skin may lose essential oils if you overwash it. The production of sebum may be impacted by this.
• Do not exfoliate your skin daily. Excessive exfoliation might increase the skin’s production of sebum. Whenever necessary, use light scrubbing.
• To moisturize your skin and stop it from overproducing sebum, drink plenty of water. Clogged pores may result from an excess of sebum.
• Try wearing loose clothing to allow the skin to breathe if you have acne on your back, shoulders, or chest. Avoid wearing tight clothing like headbands, caps, and scarves, or if you must, wash them frequently.
• Every time you leave the house during the day, wear sunscreen. Your skin may become dry from exposure to the sun directly. Sebum production may become excessive as a result.
• Regularly cleanse, tone, and moisturize your skin. Use a skincare routine that keeps your skin’s pH levels stable and avoids clogs.
• Avoid using makeup that contains oil. They might block your pores. For skin that is prone to acne, water-based makeup is advised.
• Before going to bed, remove your makeup. Avoid buying makeup removers with oil bases.
• Avoid popping your pimples. Popping a pimple can damage skin defenses and open up additional pores to infection. Acne outbreaks could happen as a result.
• Avoid stress and anxiety since these might lead to an increase in cortisol and adrenaline production, which aggravates acne.
• Frequent hand washing is important, especially before using lotions, creams, or makeup.

How is Acne Treated?

In order to treat your condition, your doctor may advise various over-the-counter drugs. You could require stronger prescription drugs, depending on the severity of the issue, your age, the type of acne you have, and how well the over-the-counter treatments have worked for you. A woman’s acne may occasionally disappear with the usage of specific contraceptives. Three different birth control pill types have received approval from the Food and Drug Administration to treat acne. You can treat diffrent types of acne in various ways.

Topical Medications

• Benzoyl peroxide – This is a leave-on gel or wash that can be purchased over the counter under the names Clearasil, Stridex, or PanOxyl.
• Azelaic acid – This is an organic acid that is present in a number of cereals, including rye, barley, and wheat.
• Antibiotics – Among the topical varieties are erythromycin and clindamycin.
• Salicylic acid – This is sold as a cleanser or lotion over the counter.
• Retinoids – Include Differin, Tazorac, and Retin-A, all of which are currently available without a prescription.
• Dapsone – This topical gel, which has antimicrobial qualities as well, can be used to treat inflammatory acne.

Oral Medications

Oral contraceptives are a treatment option for pimples caused by menstrual periods.

Antibiotics, especially tetracycline medications like minocycline and doxycycline, can be used to treat moderate-to-severe acne.

The most severe forms of acne are treated with the extremely effective medication isotretinoin, which is an oral retinoid.

Other Therapies

• Steroids – These are rarely used to treat severe acne or to inject into big nodules to alleviate the swelling.
• 激光——痤疮疤痕最常用的治疗方法是激光。
• 化学换肤——此疗程使用特殊化学物质去除皮肤表层老化的皮肤。